1、1980年考研英语翻译:the life of albert einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.first of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. he firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,” and through pain
2、staking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible” in his day. einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.second, einsteins contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific effort. although he himself r
3、arely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to many of the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.third, einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and social consciousness. in this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientist
4、s who became active in the communist movement.einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “genius” whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. but he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people. he was well
5、known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived.actually, einsteins theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. but beyond learning ein
6、steins theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.(2)between now and the end of the century, there will be many exciting developments and also many difficult problems to deal with. perhaps the most urgent proble
7、m is to provide enough food. the worlds population is expected to reach 7,000 million by the year 2000, but already scientists have produced new and better varieties of wheat and rice and animal. they have also been experimenting with techniques of cultivating plants by using mixtures of chemical co
8、mpounds and water only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. another problem which the world will face is to get rid of refuse (废料). one solution is to burn refuse at very high temperatures in incinerators (焚化炉). a development of this, which may prove very useful in the future, is to us
9、e these incinerators to generate steam power. in fact, any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum. to solve the energy problem, scientists will probably also try to make more use of solar energy.the possible effects of some scientific fields, such as l
10、asers and cryogenics (低温学), are difficult to imagine and both already have a number of uses. the supercooling effects of the cryogenics which convert liquid helium (液态氦) and other gases into “superfluids” and metals into “superconductors”, making them non-resistant to electricity, could change the w
11、orld in a number of ways. the laser, with its beam of strong light, can drill a hole in a diamond, and yet can be so well controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. the question is whether it will be most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly weapon.but perhaps the most remarkabl
12、e developments will occur in space flight. one of the difficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, and can be used a large number of times instead of only once. already man has been to the moon. perhaps by the end of the century he will have had a cl
13、ose-up view of venus (金星) or mars (火星).阿伯特爱因斯坦的一生在许多方面，无论是对自然科学家，还是政治科学家，都是一个范例。首先，他总是运用从事实中寻求真理的地。正如他所说的，他坚信“关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的，”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“不可知”的种种现象。而且，当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦也从不害怕承认错误。其次，爱因斯坦的贡献说明理论工作对科学成就的巨大的重要性。虽然他自己很少在实验室工作，他所发展的各种概念使科学取得了许多进展，从而形成了现代技术。第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家必须具 德和社会意识。这样，他鼓舞了整个一代的
14、科学家，使他们积极参加共产主义运动。爱因斯坦在资产阶级的笔下被描绘为一个“天才”，他的理论是如此地难于理解，以致只有少数最杰出的科学家才能懂得。但是，他本人不同意别人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法。他的谦逊态度是众所周知的，他常常对来访者强调说，如果没有他的话，别人也肯定能够取得他那样的成就。事实上，爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著稍加研究是不难懂得的。但是除了学习爱因斯坦的理论外，他对于利用科学作为一种工具来解放人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的。(2)从现在到本世纪末，将有许多令人兴奋的发展，同样也有许多困难的问题，需要加以处理。也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。到2
15、000年世界人口预期将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、稻谷和牲畜的优良品种。他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来培植作物的技术，到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界将面对着的另一问题是处理废物。有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温的废物烧掉。这种方法的一个新发展，可能在将来证明极为有用，即是以这些焚火炉来产生蒸汽动力。事实是，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，因为石油已感不足。要解决能源问题，科学家们也许会高潮更多地利用太阳能。诸如激光学和低温学，某些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的，它们两者已经有若干用途。低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成“超流体”，将某些金属变成“超导体”，使它们没
16、有电阻，从而可以在好些方面改变世界面貌。激光，以它强烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔，也可以很好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术。问题是它将被大量用于和平的目的呢，还是用途致使的武器。但最惊人的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面。过去的困难之一在于代价太高。但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以使用多次而不是仅仅一次而已。人类已经到过月球。也许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精细的观察。1981年考研英语真题the united kingdom is a monarchical (君主政体的) state. it is one of the independent members of the com
17、monwealth (the queen is recognized as head of the commonwealth), and a member of the european community.the origins and traditions of the united kingdom are to be found in each of the four parts that make up the country: england, wales, scotland and northern ireland. england was united as a kingdom
18、a thousand years ago, and wales became part of the kingdom during the middle ages. the thrones (王位) of england and scotland were united in 1603, and in 1707 legislation passed in the two countries provided for the establishment of a single parliament of great britain with supreme authority both in e
19、ngland and wales and in scotland. ireland had had links with the kingdom of england since the thirteenth century, and in 1800 the creation of the united kingdom was completed by a union joining the irish parliament to that of great britain. in 1922 southern ireland (now the irish republic) became a
20、self-governing country. the six counties of northern ireland had in 1920 been given their own subordinate parliament, and voted to remain within the united kingdom.the united 
kingdom parliament at westminster in london with an elected chamber comprising members from english, scottish, welsh and nort
21、hern ireland constituencies (选举区) therefore represents people sharing very varied backgrounds and traditions. it has ultimate authority for government and law-making, but administrative arrangements have developed in such a way as to take account of the particular needs of different areas.england an
22、d wales on the one hand and scotland on the other have different systems of law, different court systems, different education systems, different systems of local government and, for most domestic matters, different government departments.(2)as more people live closer together, and as they use machin
23、es to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines namely, noise. noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done a
24、bout it.to control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather that late), a
25、nd finally, technical knowledge.technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. you can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. but can you define excessive noise in the same way? you find that with any existin
26、g simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. the next remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear.domestic noises may perhaps be
27、controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. but if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously trough residential and business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exerc
28、ise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. and if a nation is to take part in modern air transport, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports and here the cost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars.(3)about
29、 350 years ago galileo made a telescope and looked through it at the sun. what he saw both surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested to him that god had not made the world quite as perfect as he had previously believed. he hesitated to make his discovery
30、known. meanwhile other scientists noticed the same lack of solar perfection and proclaimed (宣布) the fact.but galileo continued his observations and was soon rewarded with another discovery. fixing his attention on a single sunspot (太阳黑子) group, he noticed that in a few days it had moved in position,
31、 just as if the sun itself were turning. afterwards he found a sunspot group which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb (边缘) of the sun, to re-appear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. this led him to conclude that the sun itself was rotating and tha
32、t the time it took to make one complete turn was about twenty-five to twenty-seven days. actually we know from the drawings which galileo made of sunspots that there must have been quite a lot of them at the time of his observations in the years 1611 and 1612. if he had gone on making his drawings i
33、n the years that immediately followed, we know that he would almost certainly have noticed that sunspots were becoming fewer and smaller. but he became interested in other things and so he failed to recognize that there is a kind of long-term cycle in sunspot activity, the sunspots increasing and de
34、creasing as the years go on. later this discovery of the sunspot activity was made by one of the most patient observers in the history of science, a german chemist, charles schwabe.联合王国是一个君主政体的国家。它是英联邦内独立的国家之一(女王被承认是英联邦的首脑)，也是欧洲共同体的成员国。联合王国的起源和传统可从组成它的四个部分英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰的各个部分找到。英格兰在一千年前统一为一个王国，威尔士则
35、于中世纪时成为这王国的一个组成部分。一六三年，英格兰与苏格兰的王位合而为一;一七七年两国通过立法，规定设立一个单一的、在英格兰和威尔士以及在苏格兰均享有最高权力的大不列颠国会。爱尔兰与英格兰王国自十三世纪起已有联系;一八年由于爱尔兰国会并入大不列颠国会，联合王国的创建便告完成。一九二二年，南爱尔兰(现在的爱尔兰共和国)成为一个自主的国家。北爱尔兰的六个郡已于一九二年被授权成立自己的、在联合王国国会之下的议会，并投票表决留在联合王国内。在伦敦威斯敏斯特的联合王国国会它有一个选举出来的、由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各地选区所产生的议员组成的议院因此代表具有十分不同的背景和传统的人民。它具有最
36、高的政府权力和立法权，但在行政管理方面已作出了安排以照顾不同地区的特殊需要。英格兰和威尔士以及苏格兰两者各有不同的法律制度，不同的法院系统，不同的教育制度，不同的地方政府制度，并且设有不同的政府部门来处理大部分的内部事务。(2)随着更多的人住得更近，随着他们使用各种机器而获得闲暇，他们发现他们的空暇，甚至他们的工作时间都受到他们机器的一个副产品即噪音的严重影响。现在新闻报导中经常谈论噪音;它已取得了政治地位，公众舆论也越来越坚持要求采取一定措施来对付噪音。要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我约束(使人烦恼的事常常是由于缺乏普通的礼貌引起的)，一种均衡感(如果要制止噪音，通常会引起利害冲突)，化钱(
37、早化钱比晚化钱经济得多)，最后还有技术知识。技术往往是由于问题的主客观性质引起的。你可以根据速度计上指针所指的读数来确定一辆汽车的超速。可是，你能用同样的方法来确定超量的噪音吗?你会发现，被认为噪音相同的车辆，在任何现有的简单“噪音计”上显示的读数可能大不相同。虽然消除噪音的最理想方法是产生的根源处消灭它，但在很多情况下，这也许是不可能的。其次的补救办法是将混音在它到达耳朵的过程中吸收掉。家里的噪音或许可能通过事先的考虑与谦让加以控制，工业噪音则可能通过良好的规划与技术的改进加以控制。但是，如果我们允许高速摩托车与重型内燃机卡车经常不断地通过住宅区与商业区，那么这些地区的全体居民就必须决定他们
38、需要实行的控制措施，因为从长远的观点来看，他们必须为些付出代价。如果一个国家要有现代化的空中运输，它必须参加国际噪音控制措施协定，这些措施它必须责成它的机场予以执行而在这个问题上，任何真正控制措施的费用要以百万美元来计算。(3)大约在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了台望远镜，并用它来观察太阳。他所看到的景象使他感到既吃惊又害怕，因为他看到太阳上有一些黑点，这使他立刻联想到上帝创造的世界并不象他以前所相信的那么完美。他犹豫不决，不敢把他的发现公布于世。与此同时，其他的科学家也注意到太阳的这个缺陷，并宣布了这个事实。但是，伽利略继续进行观测，不久，他的努力获得了另一发现。他把注意力集中在一群太阳黑子上，
39、他发现，在几天内，这群黑子的位置起了变化，宛如太阳本身在转动。后来，他发现有一群黑子在太阳西部的边缘上停留了一段时间才消失，然后在太阳的东部边缘上最后回复原位。此种现象导致他得出这样的结论:太阳本身在旋转，旋转一周约需二十五到二十七天。直，我们从伽利略所画的太阳黑子图中知道，在一六一一和一六一二年他观察太阳期间，一定曾出现过大量的太阳黑子。如果在随后的几年中，他继续把这些太阳黑子描画下来，我们相信，他大概一定会发现太阳黑子正在变得愈来愈少和愈来愈小。可是，那时候，他却对其他事物发生的兴趣，因此，他看不到在太阳黑子的活动中存在着一种长期的周期，随着岁月的消逝，太阳黑子会时多时少。后来，发现太阳黑
40、子活动周期的是人是科学史上最有耐心的观察者之一德国化学家查尔斯许伟勃。1982年in country after country, talk of non-smokers right is in the air. while a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. many laws have been introduced in other countries to help
41、 clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.in some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. however, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress and is even encouraged. as more tobacco companies
42、 go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. for example, great efforts are made by the american tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the middle east and north africa where u.s. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.smoking is harmful to the
43、 health of people. world governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support o
44、f nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. but world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. and c
45、igarette price should be boosted.in the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.(2)nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.nuc
46、lear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. it cant be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. there are other things like that. for example, radio waves are all around us but we cant detect them, sense them,
47、without a radio receiver. similarly, we cant sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. but unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.at very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells
48、 in vital organs. but even the lowest levels can do serious damage. there is no level of radiation that is completely safe. if the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage many not be significant. this is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. your body
49、 will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. but if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in a deformed way. they can grow into cancer. sometimes this does not show up for many years.this is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. ser
50、ious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. a person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its gr
51、andparents.radiation can hurt us. we must know the truth.(1)不吸烟者的权利问题，正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施，有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律。在某些发达国家中。纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定。然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志甚至受到鼓励。随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路，它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场，争取更多的吸烟者。例如美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟在这些地区，美国烟草出口量在1974年增加了百分
52、之二十七以上。吸烟对人民健康有害。世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动。限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上。这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安。应该作出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性，特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果。而且香烟价格应予提高。从长远观点看，毫无疑问，如果能完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。(2)核能对健康、安全甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词来概括:辐射
53、。核辐射这种现象多少有点神秘，其部分原因是人类的官能无法觉察到它的存在。尽管我们周围可能都是辐射线，可是我们看不风它，听不到它， 摸不着它，也辨别不出它的味道。还有一些和它相类似的东西。例如，我们四周到处都是无线电波，但如果没有无线电接收器，我们就不能探测到或感觉到它的存在。同样，如果不用辐射探测器，我们也不能感觉到放射现象。但核辐射不同于普通的无线电波，它对人类以及其他生物不是无害的。能级非常高的辐射线能摧毁重要器官里的大量细胞从而把动物或人立即杀死。即使是最低能级的辐射线也能造成严重的损害。不存在任何绝对安全的辐射能级。如果辐射线没有击中任何重要的东西，造成的损害可能不太大。当辐射线只击中
54、少数细胞并且立即摧毁它们的时候，情况就是这样。你的身体能以健康的细胞代替死亡的细胞。但如果这些少数的细胞只受到损坏，而这些细胞又自行繁殖，那你就会遇到麻烦。它们进行畸形繁殖。它们有可能演变成癌，这种情况有时在许多年之后才能显示出来。这是核辐射现象带有某些神秘色彩的另一个原因。它可能在损害已经发生而受害者意识不到的情况下造成严重损害。一个人在受到照射时可能感觉良好，结果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌症。或者小孩一生下来就体弱或易于感染严重的疾病，原因是他的祖父母曾吸收过辐射线。辐射线能伤害我们。我们应该知道真相。1983年read the following passage carefully a
55、nd then translate the sentences underlined into chinese. (20 points)people have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.social scientist
56、s are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) they want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. there are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. as one might expect, the two approache
57、s are very different from each other. the controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”(62) those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) that our environment has li
58、ttle, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.those who support the “nurture” theory, th
59、at is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. they claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. a behaviorist, b. f. skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.
60、 (64) the behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are b
61、orn with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. needless to say: they dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. on the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of
62、our experiences. (66) behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.the social and political implications of these two theories are profound
63、. (67) in the united states, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. this leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often d
64、eprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.61. 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。62. 在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。63. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足
65、道的。64. 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。65. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。66. 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。67. 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。68. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。1991年read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into chinese. (15 points)the fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced