2016年考研英语阅览真题(一)text3
text3选自2015年6月25日的 the economist(《经济学人》),原文标题为“?the?halo effect:do- gooding policies help firms when they get prosecuted”(《光环效应:公司被申述时,行善方针会协助他们》)。这篇文章是社会经济类文本,首要谈论公司承担公司社会责任的程度对本身的影响。
一、数一数全文一共由几个期间构成，标上序号。
二、最终一题，看看是不中心主旨题：
35. which of the following is true of csr, according to the last paragraph?（快速阅览定位于csr）
a. the necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
b. companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
c. its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
d. it has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
由最终一段可知,以下关于csr的叙说,哪一项是正确的?
ａ.公司在csr上的必要开支金额是不知道的。
ｂ.公司在csr上的财务才能被高估了。
ｃ.csr对公司的负面影响常常被忽略。
d.?csr为银作业带来了许多优点。
35题不是中心主旨题，可以放一放。
?
看完32题干可知csr?helps a company，可以否定c，它负面的，d与公司无关,ｂ.公司在csr上的财务才能被高估了，偏负，a 是不是正确，有待验证。
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三、听懂人话（看看题干，审题，看教师问了你啥？文章的中心是啥，规划是啥？用联络的办法去做题）
31.?the author?views?milton friedman’s statement about csr?with（中心主旨）
对米尔顿·弗里德曼关于csr的说法,作者持的情绪；本质是作者对csr的观念。和中心主旨有关。
views …with ?with用啥方法
?statement=remark
答案在第一段，因32题在paragraph 2。
看完32题csr?helps a company，“米尔顿·弗里德曼关于csr的说法”是正面的，作者将持正面，否则相反。
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32. according to paragraph 2, csr?helps?a company?by
根据第二段所述,csr经过来…协助公司
从csr?helps a company，可看出csr是好，是中心论题。
?
33. the expression “more lenient”?(para. 4) is closest in meaning to
与“ more lenient”(第四段第二行)这表述意思最为接近的是
与csr有联络，且csr helps a company。“more lenient”是对公司有协助。看看具体语竟。
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34. when prosecutors?evaluate a case, a company’s csr record
当查看官评价案子时,公司的csr记载
csr helps a company，定位在prosecutors，在第五段。
prosecutor??[?pr?s?kju:t?(r)]n.公诉人，查看官（secut=follow,标明）
四、顺藤摸瓜，根据中心：顺藤是顺着题干这根藤，摸到答案。也就是说：根据题干的具体情况和提示信息,使用不一样的解题办法回到原文逐个寻找每一道题的精确答案信息来历或根据。答案有必要有根据。
31. the author views?milton friedman’s?statement?about csr with
a. uncertainty. b. skepticism.
c. approval. d. tolerance.
作者用啥方法看米尔顿·弗里德曼关于csr的说法
ａ.不断定 b.置疑 ｃ.撑持 ｄ．忍耐
【迷糊定位】ad不考，情绪迷糊，不大可所以选项，答案从bc中选；两个敌对的选项是二选一的题型；
在阅读题干中可知：csr helps a company是中心论题，假定“米尔顿·弗里德曼关于csr的说法”是正面的，作者将撑持，答案是c,否则是b.置疑。
由“and regard corporate social responsibility (csr) policies as a waste of shareholders money”可知 milton friedman’s?对csr是负面的，作者跟他急，答案是b.置疑。
?
在②but even if you accept friedman’s premise?and regard corporate social responsibility?(csr)?policies as a waste of shareholders’ money,?things may not be absolutely clear-cut.中包括了题干中friedman、?(csr) ，答案定位在本句。
premise条件（预先送出→条件）；
promise承诺（pre=pro预先+mise送→在干事?统龅幕埃?br>
【精准定位】首段①句先介绍friedman观念,?even if标明让步，答案在主句。②句则指出作者观点“即便你承受 friedman的根柢观念,作业也可以并非那么必定”,③句引证最新研讨发现具体阐明作者观念“csr能为公司创造钱银价值”。可见作者对friedman观念持置疑情绪,[b]正确。
【出题解密】正确项[b]是对首段②③句 even if you?accept. things may not be?absolutely clear-cut. csr?may create monetary value?for companies中所传达作者情绪的合理揣度。
【葵花宝典】?even if标明让步，答案在主句things may not be absolutely clear-cut.作业也可以并不是必定清楚的,这是对?milton friedman’s statement的置疑。
呈现new，now时，话锋一转，提示中心要呈现了。
?
【1段】①“there is one and only one social responsibility?of business,” wrote milton friedman, a nobel prize-win
ning economist, “that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”?②but even if?you accept friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (csr) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money,?things may not be absolutely clear-cut. ③new?research suggests that csr may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
【语句分析】①that is, to use its resources and engage in activities?designed to increase its profits。
that is, to use its resources and engage in activities是主系表规划。that是主语。to use its resources and engage in activities是表语，designed to increase its profits分词后置定语，润饰activities。
but even if也就是说这是一个并排句中套用复合句的“并排复合句”。but标明并排，even if标明让步。这个常识点大都教师失口。
大都人见but就说是转机，如果转机，答案直接在but后找，而这个答案是在but even if逗号后的一个语句找到的。
but不必定全标明转机，有时标明递进，有时标明并排。标明并排时可以不译出。
标明并排：tonight you are mine…,but will you still love me tomorrow.这儿的but是并排，前后是致的，可以不译。
标明递进：i don’t love you,but i can’t live without you.
responsibility?[r??sp?ns??b?l?ti]n.责任，责任; 责任;
（spons=promise，response[n.答复,反应]+ibility表名词）
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【1段】“公司有且只需一种社会责任,”诺贝尔奖获得者,经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼曾写道,“那就是,运用本身本钱并从事旨在添加其获利的活动。”(31)即便你承受弗里德曼的条件,认为公司社会责任(csr)方针是在浪费股东的钱,作业也可所以一分为二的。新的研讨标明,csr可以会为公司创造钱银价值——至少在公司因糜烂而被申述时会是如此。
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32.?according to paragraph 2, csr helps a company by
（难点，题干在文章里边无法定位，有必要了解全文）
a. guarding it against malpractices.
b. protecting it from being defamed.
c. winning trust from consumers.
d. raising the quality of its products.
?
?
根据第二段所述,csr经过啥来协助公司。
ａ.防备呈现不法行为
ｂ.维护公司免遭诋毁
ｃ.赢得花费者的信赖
d.前进公司产质量量
?
malpractices??[m?lp)
benefit ?[?ben?f?t]n.优点; 优势(bene-标明)
defame [d??fe?m]vt.诋毁，中伤;(de=not;fame名声)
?
【精准定位】由题干定位于?②this could add value to their businesses in three ways。引申意是协助公司，csr使公司增值的三种方法:一、花费者将csr看作是公司产质量量高的标志;二、花费者出于直接捐助慈悲作业的心思情愿收购产品;三、csr使花费者及别人对公司愈加重视并认可。可见这三种方法一起之处在于“为公司赢得来自花费者的信赖”,[c]正确。
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【葵花宝典】这样做太正派了，我只看到从三个方面添加公司的价值，三个语句，它们的交会集包括consumers这个主语，都在谈consumers在干啥，至于干啥，我不晓得，也不想晓得，备选答案c. winning trust from consumers中有consumers是正确答案。四个风马牛不相干的备选答案，只需在文中找到蛛丝马迹便可。没必要那么厚道，实际上，你把它们细心细心地看完，仍是水中望月，水中看月，于得分联络不大。
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【错题本】关于成果好一点的同学，可以把a.malpractices当成正确答案，(不法行为)源自第一段末句 when they are?prosecuted for corruption, 将csr能使公司“因不法行为受诉时受罚较轻”改为“避免做出不法行为”。这样出题是因为咱们往常常从一段的最终一句来揣度第二段的内容，第二段懒得看。又没看清，它错在偷梁换柱。
【经历共享】用上一段的最终一句来估测下一段的内容，不失为一种好办法，但忌讳备选答案中偷梁换柱。
【2段】①the largest firms in america and britain together?spend?more than $15 billion a year on csr, according to an estimate by epg, a consulting firm.?②this could add value to their businesses in three ways.?③first, consumers?may take csr spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality.?④second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes（作业）?it helps. ⑤and third, through a more diffuse “halo（光环）?effect,” whereby（凭此）?its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
【语句分析】③consumers?may?take?csr spending as?a “signal”?that a company’s products are of high quality.
主语consumers，谓语：take…as;宾语：a “signal”；
that a company’s products are of high quality.是同位语从句。润饰a “signal”。
?
?take…as把…了解为;
spend…on在…上花费（时刻等）
spend?sth (on sth/on doing sth)
add to添加， 加强;
take…as把…了解为
diffuse [d??fju?s , d??fju?z]涣散的(dif=away+fuse流→分隔流)
donate [d???ne?t] v.赠送; 捐赠?(don=give)
【2段】根据一家epg征询公司的预算,美国和英国最大的公司每年在csr上的开支总计跨越150亿美元。这能从三个方面添加公司的价值。(32)首要,花费者可以会将csr费用视为公司产质量量高的“信号”。其次,花费者可以会情愿收购某个公司的产品,以一种直接的方法来捐助该公司所赞助的公益作业。最终,经过一种更广泛的“光环效应”,公司的善行会贏得花费者和其他集体更多的重视。
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【3段】①previous studies on csr have had trouble differentiating?these effects because consumers can be affected by?all three. ②a recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under?america’s foreign corrupt practices act (fcpa). ③it argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,?they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
have?trouble（in）doing做…有困难
be affected by感触;
attempt to测验;
bribery纳贿;
bride新娘
under+法令=according to
【3段】早年有关csr的研讨都很难区别这些影响,因为花费者可以会遭到以上三个方面的归纳影响。迩来的一项研讨企图经过查阅美国《反海外糜烂法》(fcpa)中的纳贿申述来区别对待。该研讨认为,因为查看官们不会把花费某个公司的产品作为其查询的一有些,因而他们可以只会遭到光环效应的影响。
33. the expression “more lenient” (para. 4) is closest in meaning to
a. less controversial.
b. more lasting.
c. more effective.
d. less severe.
controversial [?k?ntr??v???l]adj.有争议的，引发争论的(cont反;ro=rol转；vert=turn转+ial……的)
effective [??fekt?v]adj.有用的; 实践的（e=out;fect=do,）
severe?[s??v??(r)]adj.非常严峻的; (sever诚笃+e→严厉的)
persevere [?p??s??v??(r)] 坚持,坚忍,坚定不移
(per一向+sever诚笃+e→一向诚笃→持之以恒)
与“ more lenient”(第四段第二行)这表述意思最为接近的是
ａ.争议更少的
ｃ．更有用的
ｂ.更耐久的
ｄ.不太严肃的
【迷糊定位】csr helps a company，是中心论题；?more lenient?penalties；赏罚是不好的东西，前面润饰它的必定是偏负的，负负得正，从“a. less controversial.d.less severe”中选一个，我不说答案，你必定选d,将a代入，不契合题意.
【精准定位】第四段①句(查询词地址句)指出,研讨发现crs方案最全部的公司一般会获得啥样的处置。②句进一步指出,研讨打扫了“因为公司的政治影响力,而非其csr担任使它们获得广大处置”的可以:为政治活动捐款更多的公司遭到的罚款并不更低。可见, more lenient大约意义为“较轻的处置,较低的罚款”[d]正确。
【出题解密】[d] less severe正确解读②句对①句的弥补说明逻辑,体现 more lenient penalties与lower fines的同义联络。
?
?
【4段】①the study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive csr programmes tended to get?more lenient?penalties.?②their analysis ruled out?the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their csr stand, that accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
ruled out打扫…的可以性
accounted for 致使，致使
leniency [li:n??ns?]n.广大，仁爱
【长难句】?their analysis ruled out the possibility ①that?it was firms’ political influence, rather than their csr stand,② that?accounted for the leniency: companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
①that引导同位语从句。
it …that引导的偏重句。
【4段】(33)研讨发现,在被申述的公司中,那些有着最全部csr方案的公司一般会遭到更广大的处置。他们的分析打扫了如下可以性,公司遭到广大处置是因为其政治影响力,而非csr担任:为政治运动做出了更多奉献的公司并没有得到较轻的处置。
?
?
【5段】①in all, the study concludes that?whereas?prosecutors?should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they?do?seem to be influenced by a company’s record in csr. ②“we estimate that?either?eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or?increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.
?whereas?[?we?r??z]可是，是让步句，答案是短号后边的主句。
merits积德行善
【5段】(34)总之,该研讨得出的结论是,尽管查看官应仅根据案情本身来评价案子,但他们如同的确也遭到了公司csr记载的影响。一名研讨人员称,“咱们估量,不管是消除比方童工这样的本质性劳工权益疑问,仍是将公司捐赠添加约20%,其成果一般是,罚款金额比贿赂外国官员的典型处置款额低40%”。
34. when prosecutors?evaluate a case, a company’s csr record
a. comes across as reliable evidence.
b. has an impact on their decision.
c. increases the chance of being penalized.
d. constitutes part of the investigation.
impact on对…冲击，磕碰
当查看官评价案子时,公司的csr记载
ａ.会变成可靠的根据
ｂ.会影响他们的抉择
c.会添加被处置的可以性
d.是查询的构成有些
【迷糊定位】csr helps a company，是中心论题；?when prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s csr record，对公司有协助，ｂ.会影响他们的抉择可所以答案。a会变成可靠的根据、d与中心没相关，c正好相反。只能选b.
【精准定位】根据题干中prosecutors直接定位至第五段。
该段首句指出,查看官正本大约只是根据案情本身进行评判,但实践上他们的确会遭到公司csr记载的影响,可见[b]契合文义。
?
其真实三段③it argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,?they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
四段①the study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive csr programmes tended to get more lenient?penalties. 3、4段都阐明晰：ｂ.会影响他们的抉择。
?
【葵花宝典】从语法上看：they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in csr是偏重句，对动词偏重，是要点，考试考的是要点，它可所以答案。
?whereas引导的是让步状语句，答案是短号后边的主句。
两项穿插一同，很大可所以答案地址处。
?
35. which of the following is true of csr, according to the last paragraph?
a. the necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
b. companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
c. its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
d. it has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
the amount of…数量;
negative低沉的;
positive?活泼旷达的
?
由最终一段可知,以下关于csr的叙说,哪一项是正确的?
ａ.公司在csr上的必要开支金额是不知道的。
ｂ.公司在csr上的财务才能被高估了。
ｃ.csr对公司的负面影响常常被忽略。
d.csr为银作业带来了许多优点。
【迷糊定位】csr helps a company，是中心论题；ｃ.csr对公司的负面影响常常被忽略与中心相反。d.csr为银作业带来了许多优点与中心无关。ｂ.公司在csr上的财务才能被高估了偏负面，答案可所以a.?
【精准定位】末段首句指出,研讨未能答复“公司大约在csr上投人多少”这一疑问,也即公司在csr上具体的必要花费数额尚不得而知,[b]正确。
【出题解密】正确项[a]是对末段首句 their study does not answer the question at how
much businesses ought to spend on csr的同义改写.
【葵花宝典】banking on=rely on，动词+介词，前面的动词=do，抉择作用的是介词。且后边抉择全部。
【6段】①researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on csr. ②nor does it reveal how much companies are?banking on?the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. ③but at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
bank on依托，盼望
【6段】(35)研讨人员招认,他们的研讨未能答复公司应在csr上开支多少的疑问。一起也没有标明公司在做善行抉择计划时应寄多少期望于光环效应,而不是其他可以的利益。但至少他们证明晰在公司堕入法令纠缠时,质量杰出的根据会让它们付出更少的罚款。